Kahn artist Essay Example For Students

Kahn craftsman Essay Youve done a great deal of dazzling work on this scene since the last time. Inform me concerning it. Whats changed in your given conditions? With this delicate greeting, Michael Kahn lets his young entertainers start the conversation about the Romeo and Juliet scene theyve just acted in his acting class at New Yorks Juilliard School. Romeo currently thinks hes been up throughout the night, worrying about his adoration life. Kahn nudges himever so diplomaticallyto expound. That is not saying this is the set in stone choicethis is a decent decision for you. Youve been up all nightwhat does that mean? Romeo-turned-understudy delays, at that point offers, in sincere actorspeak: I could have let that situation educate my body more. Kahn deftly slips into the break, that fear hole among expectation and activity recognizable to on-screen characters all over the place, and starts to work. He once in a while moves from his seat, however looks never-endingly going to spring out of it: legs crossed, body twisted forward in a line drove by his jaw, hes agreeably attentive, an enlivened owl with Jack Benny signals and the empathetic propensity for looking at everybody in the room. KAHNS AT HOME IN THIS condition, which isnt amazing considering hes been a piece of it since 1968, when the Juilliard Schoolalready known for music and dancefirst made its ways for show understudies. Be that as it may, his duties at Juilliard, where he was as of late named leader of the dramatization division (succeeding Michael Langham), presently reach out past regulating the government assistance of his acting understudies to directing the strategic eventual fate of one of the countries premier acting centers. That is furthermore, recollect, to his obligations as imaginative chief of the Shakespeare Theater (get the Folger off your tongue and out of your psychological hardware) in Washington, D.C., where he has quite recently mounted Hamlet. No more abnormal to the planning bad dreams of a passenger vocation (Ive likely had three occupations one after another my entire life), Kahn savors the chance to give Juilliard understudies more prominent institutional connections with the contiguous Lincoln Center Theater Company just as the Shakespeare Theater. With Andre Bishop presently filling in as creative executive of the organization nearby, Kahn imagines Juilliard understudies as dynamic members in Lincoln Centers formative work, with understudy on-screen characters associated with readings and workshops. He likewise plans to make half-year entry level positions for third-year acting understudies at Juilliards increasingly remote grounds, the one at the Shakespeare Theater, and maybe at other local performance centers too. This regard for proficient theater introduction is vital, Kahn accepts, in a culture where numerous youngster on-screen characters havent even been to a play. The general thought of acting in the auditorium is anything but a given any longer, Kahn regrets. One of my objectives here is to present the possibility that preparation for the performance center is the best protection for a profession as an entertainer. Ive learned not to say an excess of regarding what Im going to doId rather hold up until Ive done it. In any case, I would like to discover methods of getting understudies to think in an alternate manner, and that is going to take a year or two to make sense of. This isn't to state Im not mindful of the truth that film and TV are, to be sure, how you take care of your school tabs, nor do I think there isnt make or even perhaps workmanship engaged with supporting a presentation under those conditions. In any case, its in the performance center that you can rehearse your specialty, be in charge of your craft. That for me is as yet the objective to take a stab at. I think weve instructed individuals that procedure is an exercise in futility. We praise the clique of character, we commend alternate routes, we praise a great deal of things that are totally ruinous to craftsmanship. I think its the activity of a school to get individuals to adore process once more, and that is hard. Individuals are eager. I get a great deal of calls from individuals in their thirties whove settled on different decisions, and who are not, at this point youthful, lovely or film industry, and who are fairly frantic. The ones who have preparing get an opportunity. .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 , .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .postImageUrl , .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 , .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:hover , .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:visited , .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:active { border:0!important; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:active , .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685 e39 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ufe8cf2f80d278ba1b81d0f8258685e39:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Last-chance move EssayINTRODUCING A NEW age of entertainers to the afflictions and prizes of theater preparing is just piece of the test confronting Juilliard on the edge of the 21st century, Kahn accepts. First he needs to persuade his understudies that acting isn't tied in with carrying on normally, not tied in with playing a form of yourselfthe inheritance of film and TV presentation. This implies theres more work to be finished with approaching understudies than there was an age prior. Getting an on-screen character to ground zero, in Kahns see, is not, at this point simply a question of disposing of negative behavior patterns. Its about pr esenting the general thought of change, the possibility of a writing past the contemporary, being alright with universes that are not quickly noticeable to you. There are any number of approaches to give that underlying transparency and to develop it once it grows, Kahn demands, declining to be brought into the methodological fighting that has generally described the on-screen character preparing field. Im very enthusiastic about the requirement for preparing, he pushes, yet I thoroughly can't help contradicting the master way to deal with it. At the point when I was growing up, the contentions were about the Method rather than the Other, which appeared to mean anyone who went to England to learn at RADA. Calling such regional in-battling pointless and counter-beneficial, Kahn, in the soul of the 90s, lectures resilience. I think part about my main responsibility is to encourage various methods of moving in the direction of a similar objective, to urge understudies to discover their direction rationalistically through an assortment of approaches. I think that is really an entirely decent meaning of what the preparation at Juilliard is. Shouldn't something be said about what the preparation at Juilliard isnt? It isnt solely traditional, in any event not as in raises social decent variety cautions. A traditionally prepared on-screen character, as indicated by Kahn, is one who is set up to continue a portrayal for three hours one after another more than a half year, to play a wide assortment of jobs where you are not so much conspicuous from play to play, to be as at home in Shakespeare as you are in Sam Shepard, and to work with cutting edge and conventional chiefs without losing your own procedure. Kahn thinks about his understudies as future partners, an assignment that is every now and again demonstrated prophetic: Kevin Kline, Patti LuPone and Kelly McGillis are on the whole previous understudies. What's more, however he acknowledges his proteges for improving his own recognitions about the specialty of acting, he has little use for the thought, current in certain conversations about preparing, that instructors and understudies should destroy progressive structures and team up as friends. Im not certain Id need to go through $20,000 to work with a companion, to be completely forthright with you, he figures out how to let out between hiccups of chuckling. I tell my understudies, look, why dont you attempt to get familiar with this, and afterward you can toss it out or transform it. Im against the sort of encouraging that is despotic and unchallenged. I watched Lee Strasbergwho had a ton of significant things to provide for peoplespend two hours responding to an inquiry. He wound up discussing Duse and Beethoven, yet he didnt answer the inquiry. I expect he didnt know the appropriate response at that specific second. I discovered that day to state, I dont have the appropriate response. I would have a mental meltdown in the event that I thought I must be dependable. KAHN INTERRUPTS A LAID-BACK encounter from American Buffalo. Is it accurate to say that you are playing something or would you say you are feeling something? Feeling something, one of the entertainers reacts. Would you be able to transform that into something youre playing? Kahn indications, sounding for all the world like a parent whos needed to make the recommendation once time and again. What's more, strangely, that most basic differentiation appears to get this

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Last paper - Essay Example hites, subsequently the introduction of the notable statement from one of his conspicuous addresses: â€Å"I have a fantasy that my four youngsters will one day live in a country where they won't be decided by the shade of their skin however by the substance of their character.† The connection among religion and prejudice has been a progressing research for quite a while among the world’s top strict researchers. When all is said in done, my examination portrays that there is a positive connection between these two repudiating themes. The results of my examination set forward that both the consistency of chapel turnout and conviction striking nature is not, at this point significantly associated with bigotry. (b). Straightforwardness from the outset thoroughly considered went not to be identified with bigotry. Anyway after some profound consultations, where significant foundation factors, for example, age and instruction were considered in, it proposed something else. World religions will in general announce overall loving affection yet history is ambushed with minutes in which religion has given a valid justification to a wide range of anarchy coordinated towards individuals of unique race or culture. A genuine case of this is the holocaust. From this confirmations, a noteworthy number of students of history and religious philosophy researchers contend that religion ought to adamantly be estimated as a channel for prejudice. At the point when one attempts to make an outline of these incessant endeavors, an extremely lopsided investigation is acquired. There could be two principle clarifications for this. One is that there is no trade off on the best way to evaluate religion so as to accomplish noteworthy results. Another is that there exists two principle rules in which one can search for an explanation of the watched connection: one can choose to utilize strict factors or go to non-strict variables .The course where you decide to search for an explanation will influence the ends that are drawn up. I will begin by giving a short diagram of material writing. This permits me to offensively separate the results of two unique examinations that I

Deception in the Stem-cell Research Debate :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Presentation Each year, an incredible number of new workers show up into the nation from everywhere throughout the world. A portion of these settlers enter the nation legitimately while the others attempt to get in wrongfully. Then again, there are the individuals who endeavor to move into the nation illicitly through different mischievous methods. At the outskirts, they are caught and persuasively made to come back to their nation. In spite of the difficulties that the administration faces with respect to the settler issue, there are situations when specialists are committed to acknowledge immigrants.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rising number of foreigners every year has become a genuine discussion issue. A few gatherings bolster arrangements that secure the privileges of foreigners while others are firmly contradicted to the laws that support outsider pa ssageway into the nation. As indicated by Sir Michael Dummet, the state has a few obligations towards outsiders. In any case, the state needs to perceive that its essential job is the government assistance of its own residents just as security of the other people who are out of luck. Consequently the idea that a state’s sole duty is just to guarantee and care about its citizens’ prosperity is defective and confused. Dummet bolsters his notion. He asserts all the residents have an individual a specific good commitment to their nation also. The entire populace is spoken to by their state on the planet. Subsequently, it follows that some nation is likewise ethically obliged to think about the government assistance of different states and that of others (Huemer, 2010). This paper will investigate the commitments that the country has towards the acknowledgment of foreigners. Moreover, the paper will talk about what an ethically advocated migration arrangement incorporates. The paper will maintain the situation to help for the privilege of migration. Proclamation of politicians’ position The resistance coordinated towards migrants and their privileges comes from the feeling of narrow-mindedness among the residents and government officials of the host nation. Both the voters and the legislators the same advance the possibility that a country is just answerable for its residents with no respect for settlers rolling in from outside nations. Subsequently, the legislators will ordinarily put together their contentions with respect to their opinion of serving the interests of their nation best. For example, British lawmakers associated with the European Union considerations consistently ground their choices to help or veto movements on whether it is in light of a legitimate concern for Britain or not. This is in opposition to the desire that they ought to consider the interests of the European Union to settle on their choice whether to help the moveme nt or impugn it. Lawmakers take this situation as to one significant explanation, which is remote residents are of almost no incentive to their political desire. Since the outside residents hold no democratic force in the nation they move into, the government officials esteem them immaterial for their crusades (Dummett, 2001).Advertising Looking for article on established law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of politicians’ position and my position The idea of ‘sovereignty’ advances this situation. This idea bolsters national freedom and non-obstruction by other remote countries, particularly on issues of how it manages its residents. Furthermore, another contention sent contrary to settler rights and approaches is that every nation has an individual option to control the exercises on its outskirts. Subsequently, the administration can bar or concede outsiders who wish to go through the countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fringes. In any case, the individuals who bolster free migration, assume that nations ought not force any limitations on movement. A correlation is drawn between free migration and the free market idea. This recommendation was unequivocally bolstered by Milton Fried Mans just as Ernest Bevin, who imagined the absolute cancelation of international IDs. They contended that free migration ought to have been permitted to guarantee that essential human right which is the appropriate for opportunity †especially opportunity of development would be appreciated by all people. Along these lines, in the soul of advancing human rights, no nation would reserve the privilege to deny any individual section into a nation of his/her decision. Pope John XXIII additionally bolstered free migration arrangements that prohibited no person from going into any nation. As indicated by Pope John XXIII, all people are individuals from a general family and a more noteworthy world society. This pr esence, as per the Pope, is inalienable and can't be reduced by any nation. Furthermore, Pope John XXIII supported the way that settlers had the right to have their privileges perceived and regarded. They ought to appreciate monetary rights and individual rights to guarantee that they can easily adjust to another general public. Besides, it permits them to acquire a methods for self food. There are a few reasons concerning why the approvals and limitations are forced on workers. Be that as it may, these don't do the trick as a reason in denying those individuals their right. In any case, some accept that limiting the quantity of outsiders going into the nation would ensure the national legacy and culture. Moreover, it is guaranteed that tolerant outsiders will build the monetary hardships he state faces as this would force oblige on the rare assets of the nation. It is, thusly, contended that these limitations are in light of a legitimate concern for the country’s local resid ents (Dummett, 2001). From my point of view, the privileges of outsiders ought to be maintained and ensured. There are a few reasons with respect to why migration limitation is definitely not a great alternative. In the first place, confining workers from entering a nation is an immediate infringement of their natural rights. The most widely recognized purpose behind founding these guidelines is to secure and guarantee the security of the local citizens.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many cases, psychological warfare has been refered to as the principle security worry that requires settler guideline. Be that as it may, fear based oppressor exercises are executed even by the residents of the nation. Moreover, not all moves are happy to enter the nation to submit a fear monger act. In this way, this can't be utilized as a reason for such confinements. The other exp lanation that has been generally refered to is the impact of movement on business. Most local residents feel that the higher the quantity of migrants in a nation the higher the opposition on the current occupations. This at last prompts an abatement in the personal satisfaction of the local residents. Since the migrants are ordinarily urgent for securing positions they will in general acknowledge low pay rates. Representatives incline toward such specialists as the business would bring about less operational expenses. Anyway this comes to the detriment of the local residents losing their positions. Be that as it may, this isn't a worthy explanation since it is the obligation of the administration to control and express the base compensation inside its domain. Moreover, the employments are intended to be obtained dependent on merit and the individual’s capability. An ethically adequate movement arrangement is the one that meets both the interests of the residents of the nation and those of the foreigners. Such a strategy is hard to be created and executed as there are different difficulties. The circumstance with respect to the issue might be contrasted with a constrained limit raft (Hardin 2001) since a nation can't take in all the outsiders. References Dummett, M. A. E. (2001). On Immigration and Refugees. New York: Routledge. Hardin, G. (2001). Living on a Lifeboat. The Social Contract. 36-47. Recovered from http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles_pdf/living_on_a_lifeboat.pdf Huemer M (2010). Is there a Right to Immigrate? Social Theory and Practice. 36(3), 429-461. DOI: 10.5840/soctheorpract201036323.Advertising Searching for exposition on sacred law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This paper on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy was composed and put together by client Kingston I. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Tips for Overrepresented Underrepresented Med School Applicants

Your med school strategy is to make it successfully from one step to the next, up to the point where youre invited for the interview and then accepted. Minorities have the same goal as everyone else, but because of their (sometimes unique) circumstances, they may have a slightly different focus. During the pre-interview writing stages of your application, what you need to do is come up with the most compelling story that you can. You need to get the adcom’s attention. You need to let them know that even though you’re from a minority origin/background, you have what it takes to plough your way through med school! Underrepresented in Medicine If you are from a group that is underrepresented in medicine and you struggled to make the decision to go into medicine, then you should definitely highlight those difficulties. The adcom wants to know the path you took to get to where you are.   Once you get to your secondaries and go through your activities, youll show more about how you put your thoughts into action, your life’s path to medicine. Overrepresented Groups If you are coming from an overrepresented group, you will need to do a better job mining your experiences and coming up with the ones that confirm your unique desire to go to medical school. The best thing you can do is start your writing and your strategizing by looking at all the different stories that you can potentially tell and then plucking out that you think are the most persuasive and the most impactful.   One other possible avenue for overrepresented groups is to apply to osteopathic medicine programs – you might have a better chance at something like that. They are a bit less competitive, and you might be able to tell your story in a way that emphasizes your life experience. Final word: You are so much more than your numbers. Make sure the adcom see these other parts of who you are! The advice in this post is based on a conversation we had in our recent webinar, Ask The Experts: Medical School Admissions QA with Cydney Foote and Alicia McNease Nimonkar. Check out the full transcript for more tips on applying to med school successfully! Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Med School Essays †¢Ã‚  Writing About Overcoming Obstacles in Your Application Essays †¢ Approaching the Diversity Essay Question

Poem Analysis The Unknown Citizen Essay - 977 Words

The Average Man W. H. Auden satirizes the United States as an entity, which restrains individual advancement. Through depersonalization, the government rewards those who actually never do anything. However, the Unknown Citizen has a monument built as a symbol of his perfection. Thus, Audens The Unknown Citizen shows how the government makes each individual merely a number unless they do not conform to societys norms. The monument of the unknown citizen is erected not to honor the memory of a man, but to show how he is the perfect example of a good citizen (Auden). In this poem, the citizen is just an average person who never stands out among the rest of the population. For example, Yet he wasnt a scab or odd in his†¦show more content†¦Auden ends the statement with a comma rather than an exclamation to illustrate the inconsequential nature of the citizen working in a factory. Factory work is monotonous, one shift after another not evoking any emotion. Indeed, the citizen lives a boring life, doing the exact same thing as the average person. He cannot stand out, for the only way to do so is for the citizen to be different, not fulfilling societys demands. Throughout the poem, the citizens actions do not amount to anything but further conformity. For example, Auden states that And all the reports on his conduct agree that, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint (3-4) which illustrates how all his actions were normal according to the governments standards. The government considered his actions so good that they call him a saint. Therefore, Auden uses this tone to prove that living the life of the statistical, average citizen would be boring. Courage defines a hero. The citizen Auden describes is a hero to the government because he never causes any problems. They even dedicate a statue to him, but he never acts courageously. He follows the crowd and never stands up for himself. A true hero leads as Abraham Lincoln did when he held the nation together during his Presidency. However, Auden proves that the citizen follows the crowd with the line, When there was peace, he was for peace: when thereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Unknown Citizen 1518 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W.H Auden and â€Å"next to of course god america i† by e.e. cumming are two poems that deal with similar issues. They both address the issue of dying soldiers and blame blind patriotism for the deaths of these soldiers. The theme of both poems deals with the need for citizens to become more outspoken and follow their own beliefs instead of simply following their country. However, each poem addresses a topic that isn’t found in the other poem, and the poems themselves are structurallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Unknown Citizen And The Short Story The Lottery 1230 Words   |  5 PagesUnexpected Truth The Poem Unknown Citizen and the short story The Lottery give examples how people can rebel and conform in different ways. The way these stories were written evokes a lot of emotions, from anger to confusion. In life there are two people in the world, ones who conform to every whim and those who will rebel to create a difference in their society or others. The Unknown Citizen, by W. H. Auden, is about a man who obeys the law and does what needs to done by a normal citizen. The author paintedRead MoreThe Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden The poem that I am going to talk about is the Unknown Citizen by W.H Auden. 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Auden during 1940, is a poem where the speaker, a representative of the state or government, directs a speech to the audience about a monument being erected for a citizen. Written in free verse, although using many couplets, this poem is a poem that describes the life of a certain person through his records and documents. This citizen is portrayed as a normal and average human being who is being honouredRead MoreThe Unknown Citizen by W.H.Auden1320 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W.H. Auden is a poem with a strong message to a wide audience. It portrays a political system’s control over its citizen. The poem is telling us we are a product of our countries, we are nothing but a number of digits to be identified. The poem revolves around the life of the unknown citizen, JS/07/M/378, who was granted a monument by the government in honor of his flawless life in an un-free society. 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Article Bibliography On Global Warming - 1385 Words

This paper will be concerned with an article pertaining to the topic of global warming. The article, written by R. Cowen, appeared in a November 2006 issue of Science News. The article discusses a recent idea for using technology in order to solve the problem of global warming. Like other technological solutions, this one seeks to reduce global warming without at the same time undermining the existing economic system. In addition, like other proposed solutions, this one is based on the assumption that the global economy requires the continued development of industry, with all the polluting emissions that are caused as a result. This paper will first define some relevant terms, followed by a summary of the content of Cowen’s article. The paper will conclude with my personal reaction to the article, along with my opinion on what I think needs to be done to alleviate the problem of global warming. Some key terms need to be defined in order to clearly understand what Cowen’s article says, as well as what it implies. First, â€Å"global warming† refers to the phenomenon that occurs when certain gases in the earth’s atmosphere (known as â€Å"greenhouse gases†) make it impossible for sunlight to be reflected off the earth and back into space. These gases are created by emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Most scientists agree that global warming is having a negative impact on the environment. It causes climate changes, the melting of polar ice caps, and a rise inShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Should We Be Worried? Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesClimate Change: Should We Be Worried? Global warming is one of the most stressed issues on mainstream media today, behind the war on terror. Although, should we be worried about it? 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Concepts of Music Notes free essay sample

Melodic line and line are often used in a general sense, while specific melodic entities are called melody, theme, or subject, depending upon the point of reference. †¢ In an abstract sense, melody is the repository of subject matter or idea in many world music traditions. Melody is very important as idea in Western music. The Western view of melody is that it means something it is what the music is about. The melodic material of a given piece of music is what the overall piece is based upon and it is this basic idea to which all other elements in a composition relate. HARMONY †¢ Harmony is the use and study of pitch simultaneity and chords, actual or implied, in music. It is sometimes referred to as the vertical aspect of music, with melody being the horizontal aspect. Very often, harmony is a result of counterpoint or polyphony, several melodic lines or motifs being played at once, though harmony may control the counterpoint. Harmony is said to give the effect of depth to a melodic line and forms the accompaniment material to melody in a homophonic texture. †¢ One property of harmony is vertical profile which adds sonic depth to music. The effect of three or more different tones sounding at the same moment in time creates the sense of greater mass and intensity of sound as compared to the effect of the sound of a single note. Chords are constructed from low to high tones. The lowest tone of a chord is known as the root and all other chord tones are built higher in pitch from this tone. Harmony occupies the sonic space below melody. Another property of harmony is harmonic saturation. Minor harmonic saturation occurs when a few chords occur in a passage of music while major harmonic saturation occurs when many chords occur in a musical passage. Low harmonic saturation creates a serene and calm emotional mood while high harmonic saturation creates a sense of great intensity and expectation. †¢ Harmony contributes to the structural design of music. The arrangement of melodic material lends itself to hierarchical design more noticeably than does harmony. This is because repetition of patterned material is more obvious in melody than it is in harmony. †¢ Harmony supports the structural design of musical components by helping to define climatic and cadential points in each phrase. Harmony contributes directly to the structure of strophic songs (songs that repeat melodic material for each stanza of new text) RHYTHM †¢ Rhythm is sonic action in time. More specifically, rhythm is the arrangement of durational sonic patterns or tone lengths that fall on or between the beat. †¢ Rhythm is shaped by meter. Composers arrange rhythms so that count one of the meter gives the point of reference of the rhythm. †¢ Rh ythm is generated by divisions of the beat. When music has a steady beat, the rhythmic patterns that comprise the music are generated by sounding tones on the beat, and between the beat. This is accomplished by dividing each beat into groups of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and sometimes more, divisions. These divisions are called duplets, triplets, quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets, septuplets, and octuplet divisions, respectively. †¢ Rhythmic patterns are often repeated. Rhythmic patterns most often undergo a process of repetition in music. †¢ Rhythm is articulated by implied dynamic and agogic accents. An agogic accent is a stress of length, whereby a certain note is played longer than other notes within the rhythmic pattern. †¢ Rhythm contributes to the effect of motion in music. Rhythm and rhythmic patterns are a direct contributor to the effect of movement (motion) in music. The repetition of a rhythmic pattern creates a sense of forward motion by the appearance of successive sounds in a continuum of real time. TONALITY/TIMBRE †¢ The harmonic profile or sound quality of a sound source is timbre or tone colour in music. †¢ May also mean to describe the organization of the melodic and harmonic elements to give a feeling of a key centre or a tonic pitch. †¢ Timbre is determined by the harmonic profile of the sound source. Every sound source has an individual quality that is determined by its harmonic profile. Dark or simple timbres coupled with loud dynamics are encountered only occasionally in music and affect moods of starkness and loneliness. The same timbres coupled with soft dynamics affect moods of mystery and terror. †¢ Timbral combinations provide unique possibilities for music. Often composers assign successive segments of melody o r other material to different instruments. Certain orchestral combinations of instruments sound very much like other non-orchestral instruments †¢ Single reed instruments produce a mellow sound quality i. e. clarinets. Flutes produce soft tone qualities. Double reed instruments such as the bassoon and oboe produce a nasal like tone quality. Brass instruments again produce a completely different tone quality to woodwinds. The same will go for other instruments. Electronic instruments will produce a synthesised quality. TEXTURE †¢ In music this is referred to as the layers of sounds within a composition. †¢ There are many informal terms that can describe the texture of a piece of music (thick, thin, bass-heavy, rhythmically complex, and so on), but the formal terms that are used to describe texture all describe the relationships of melodies and harmonies. Monophonic music has only one melodic line, with no harmony or counterpoint. †¢ Homophonic music can also be called homophony. Homophony has one clearly melodic line; its the line that naturally draws your attention. All other parts provide accompaniment or fill in the chords. In most well-written homophony, the parts that are not melody may still have a lot of melodic interest. They may follow many of the rules of well-written counterpoint, and they can sound quite different from the melody and be interesting to listen to by themselves. But when they are sung or played with the melody, it is clear that they are not independent melodic parts, either because they have the same rhythm as the melody (i. e. are not independent) or because their main purpose is to fill in the chords or harmony (i. e. they are not really melodies). †¢ Polyphonic music can also be called polyphony, counterpoint, or contrapuntal music. If more than one independent melody is occurring at the same time, the music is polyphonic. †¢ A heterophonic texture is rare in Western music. In heterophony, there is only one melody, but different variations of it are being sung or played at the same time. TEMPO †¢ Tempo (an Italian word) identifies the rate of speed of the beat of music and is measured by the number of beats per minute. †¢ A beat may be slow or fast. Human perception perceives a range of tempo speed from about 30 to 240 beats per minute. †¢ Tempo is an important ingredient in the mood of any example of music, whether it be aggressive or calming in effect with excitement generally revealed through a fast tempo while solemnity is always revealed through a slow tempo. †¢ In music terminology and notation tempo indications are most often expressed in the Italian language. Terms that are used include, largo: very slow, broad, large lento: slow adagio: slow, comfortable, easy andante: moderately slow, a walking pace moderato: moderate allegro: fast, cheerful, joyful vivace: lively, quick presto: very fast, rapid. †¢ Modifiers of Tempo agitato: agitated (e. g. Allegro agitato) animato: animated (e. g. Allegro animato) appassionato: passionately (e. g . Andante appassionato) assai: very (e. g. Allegro assai) cantabile: singing (e. g. Adagio cantabile) con brio: with spirit (e. g. Allegro con brio) con fuoco: with fire (e. . Allegro con fuoco) con moto: with motion (e. g. Allegro con moto) espressivo: expressively (e. g. Adagio espressivo) grazioso: with grace (e. g. Andante grazioso) ma: but (e. g. Moderato, ma con brio) maestoso: majestically (e. g. Andante maestoso) marcato: marked, stressed (e. g. Andante marcato) molto: very, much (e. g. Molto allegro/Molto adagio) non: not (e. g. Allegro non troppo) non troppo: not too much (e. g. Allegro, ma non troppo) piu: more (e. g. Piu allegro) poco, un poco: little, a little (e. g. Poco adagio or Un poco piu adagio)